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Infrastructure as Code · Question Set
Security & Governance interview questions for placements and exams.
Questions
13
Included in this set
Subject
Infrastructure as Code
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Difficulty
Mixed
Level of this set
Go through each question and its explanation. Use this set as a focused practice pack for Infrastructure as Code.
Policy as Code ensures that security and compliance requirements are automated and consistent. Tools like HashiCorp Sentinel or Open Policy Agent evaluate infrastructure plans against organizational rules, such as enforcing encryption, disallowing public buckets, or requiring tags. This helps prevent misconfigurations before reaching production.
For complete preparation, combine this set with full subject-wise practice for Infrastructure as Code. You can also explore other subjects and sets from the links below.
Configuration drift occurs when manual or external changes alter the infrastructure outside of IaC control. This can create security vulnerabilities if outdated or unauthorized configurations remain active. Regular drift detection ensures infrastructure remains compliant with declared, secure baselines.
Infrastructure as Code practices are often governed by compliance frameworks such as ISO 27001, SOC 2, GDPR, and PCI DSS. These frameworks dictate how data should be handled, who can access systems, and how configurations must be secured. IaC automation helps enforce these policies by embedding compliance checks directly into the deployment pipeline.
IaC automates the deployment of large infrastructure environments, which includes security-sensitive resources such as networks, IAM roles, and databases. Without proper governance, automated configurations can accidentally expose data, weaken access controls, or create unmonitored resources. Therefore, integrating security into every stage of the IaC lifecycle is essential.
Sensitive data must never be stored in plaintext or version control. Instead, organizations use secret management tools such as HashiCorp Vault, AWS Secrets Manager, or Azure Key Vault. These systems store credentials securely and integrate with IaC pipelines to inject secrets dynamically at runtime, maintaining security compliance.
IAM configurations such as users, roles, and policies can be codified directly in IaC definitions. By version-controlling IAM definitions, teams can standardize access permissions, track changes, and ensure least privilege principles are automatically enforced during deployment.
Open Policy Agent is an open-source framework for writing and enforcing policies across systems. OPA integrates with IaC tools like Terraform and Kubernetes to evaluate configurations against predefined compliance and security policies. It allows teams to automate enforcement of security standards during build or deployment stages.
Encryption ensures that data at rest and in transit remains secure. In IaC workflows, encrypting Terraform state files, cloud storage, and communication channels prevents unauthorized access to configuration data or credentials. This is essential for meeting enterprise compliance standards.
Governance frameworks in IaC pipelines ensure that every infrastructure change complies with organizational and regulatory policies. This is achieved through automated validations such as Policy as Code, access control checks, naming standards, and tagging enforcement. CI/CD pipelines include pre-deployment checks to block non-compliant changes. Centralized logging and audit trails ensure accountability and traceability of all infrastructure modifications.
Audit logs record all actions taken by IaC tools and users, providing visibility into changes and access patterns. They are vital for detecting unauthorized activities, ensuring accountability, and maintaining compliance. Centralized log storage and integrations with systems like AWS CloudTrail or Azure Monitor help organizations correlate changes with users, commits, and deployments for end-to-end traceability.
DevSecOps integrates security at every phase of the DevOps lifecycle, including IaC automation. By embedding scanning tools, policy enforcement, and secret management into pipelines, DevSecOps ensures that infrastructure is continuously validated for compliance and vulnerabilities. Teams shift security left, allowing faster remediation and proactive governance instead of relying on post-deployment audits.
Incident response in IaC environments must be automated and codified for speed and consistency. Infrastructure definitions include response automation such as quarantining compromised instances, rotating credentials, and restoring secure configurations from version control. Integrating monitoring alerts with IaC pipelines allows immediate corrective actions and rollback of affected environments, reducing recovery time and limiting exposure.
Centralized policy frameworks unify governance across multiple IaC tools, teams, and environments. They define global security baselines, tagging rules, resource quotas, and compliance validations applied automatically across all pipelines. This reduces fragmentation, enforces consistency, and simplifies audits while empowering teams to innovate safely within approved boundaries.