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CI/CD Pipelines · Question Set

Jenkins Pipelines Advanced – CI/CD Pipelines interview questions

Jenkins Pipelines Advanced interview questions for placements and exams.

Subject: CI/CD PipelinesDifficulty: Mixed15 questions in this set

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CI/CD Pipelines – Jenkins Pipelines Advanced questions (15)

Go through each question and its explanation. Use this set as a focused practice pack for CI/CD Pipelines.

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1. What are comprehensive best practices for Jenkins Pipeline development? Include code organization, testing, security, documentation, and maintenance.

Difficulty: HardType: SubjectiveTopic: CI/CD Fundamentals

Code organization: use Declarative Pipeline for consistency and maintainability, store Jenkinsfile in repository root under version control, use Shared Libraries for common code across pipelines, organize stages logically (Build, Test, Deploy), extract complex logic to functions or Shared Libraries, keep Jenkinsfile readable with clear stage names and comments. Pipeline structure best practices: ```groovy @Library('shared-library') _ pipeline { agent none // Define per stage for flexibility options { timestamps() timeout(time: 1, unit: 'HOURS') buildDiscarder(logRotator(numToKeepStr: '30')) } environment { APP_NAME = 'myapp' REGISTRY = 'docker.io' } stages { stage('Build') { agent { docker 'maven:3.8-jdk-11' } steps { sh 'mvn clean package' } } stage('Test') { parallel { stage('Unit Tests') { agent any steps { sh 'mvn test' } } stage('Integration Tests') { agent any steps { sh 'mvn verify' } } } } stage('Deploy') { when { branch 'main' } agent any steps { script { deployToEnvironment('production') } } } } post { always { junit '**/target/test-results/*.xml' cleanWs() } success { slackSend color: 'good', message: 'Build succeeded' } failure { slackSend color: 'danger', message: 'Build failed' } } } ``` Security best practices: never hardcode secrets in Jenkinsfile, use credentials plugin with withCredentials, restrict credential access with folder-level permissions, scan credentials regularly for exposure, use least privilege (minimal permissions), enable CSRF protection, implement audit logging, use HTTPS for Jenkins, regularly update Jenkins and plugins, scan container images for vulnerabilities. Credentials usage: ```groovy withCredentials([usernamePassword( credentialsId: 'docker-hub', usernameVariable: 'DOCKER_USER', passwordVariable: 'DOCKER_PASS' )]) { sh 'docker login -u $DOCKER_USER -p $DOCKER_PASS' } ``` Testing pipelines: use replay feature for testing changes without committing, create test branch for pipeline development, use Multibranch Pipeline testing in feature branches, implement pipeline unit tests with JenkinsPipelineUnit, validate Jenkinsfile syntax with Jenkins API or CLI, test Shared Library functions independently. Error handling and resilience: set timeouts preventing hanging, implement retry for flaky operations, use catchError for non-critical steps, add meaningful error messages, use post conditions for cleanup, implement proper notifications, log important state for debugging. Performance optimization: use parallel stages for independent tasks, implement caching for dependencies, use appropriate agents (Docker, labeled), clean workspaces regularly, skip unnecessary stages with when, use shallow git clone, limit build history retention. Documentation: comment complex logic, document pipeline parameters, create README for shared libraries, maintain changelog for pipeline changes, document required agent labels and tools, provide examples for common use cases, document troubleshooting procedures. Maintenance: regularly update Jenkins and plugins, review and refactor pipelines periodically, monitor pipeline metrics (duration, success rate), remove unused pipelines, standardize pipeline patterns across organization, conduct pipeline code reviews, archive old jobs. Monitoring and observability: collect metrics (build duration, success rate, queue time), implement monitoring dashboards, set up alerts for failures, track agent utilization, monitor plugin health, log important pipeline events, use Blue Ocean for better visualization. Version control practices: commit Jenkinsfile with application code, use meaningful commit messages, protect Jenkinsfile with branch protection, review Jenkinsfile changes through pull requests, tag releases including Jenkinsfile version, use semantic versioning for Shared Libraries. Best practices checklist: Declarative over Scripted, version controlled Jenkinsfile, secrets in credentials, timeouts set, cleanup in post always, parallel independent stages, proper error handling, meaningful stage names, documented parameters, regular maintenance, monitored metrics. Understanding and implementing best practices creates maintainable, secure, efficient pipeline infrastructure.

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2. Compare Declarative and Scripted Pipeline syntax in detail. When should you use each? Provide examples showing differences in structure, flexibility, and use cases.

Difficulty: HardType: SubjectiveTopic: Pipeline as Code

Declarative Pipeline uses structured, opinionated syntax starting with pipeline block. Required sections include agent and stages. Syntax is rigid but provides better validation, easier learning curve, and built-in best practices. Declarative example: ```groovy pipeline { agent any environment { APP_VERSION = '1.0.0' } stages { stage('Build') { steps { sh 'mvn clean package' } } stage('Test') { steps { sh 'mvn test' } } } post { success { echo 'Success!' } } } ``` Scripted Pipeline uses flexible Groovy-based syntax starting with node block. Allows arbitrary Groovy code, variables, functions, and control flow. More powerful but requires more Groovy knowledge. Scripted example: ```groovy node { def appVersion = '1.0.0' stage('Build') { sh 'mvn clean package' } stage('Test') { try { sh 'mvn test' } catch (Exception e) { echo "Tests failed: ${e.message}" throw e } } if (env.BRANCH_NAME == 'main') { stage('Deploy') { sh './deploy.sh' } } } ``` Key differences: Declarative uses pipeline block vs Scripted's node block, Declarative has predefined structure vs Scripted's free-form, Declarative validates syntax before execution vs Scripted fails at runtime, Declarative supports resume from stage vs Scripted restarts from beginning, Declarative has when directive vs Scripted uses if statements, Declarative uses post for cleanup vs Scripted uses try-catch-finally. Flexibility: Scripted allows complex logic (loops, conditionals, functions) that's cumbersome in Declarative. Declarative can embed Groovy in script step but encourages using predefined directives. Example complex logic better suited for Scripted: ```groovy def envs = ['dev', 'staging', 'prod'] for (env in envs) { stage("Deploy to ${env}") { if (shouldDeploy(env)) { deployTo(env) } } } ``` When to use Declarative: recommended for most pipelines, new pipeline development, teams with limited Groovy experience, when you want structure and validation, simpler maintenance requirements, need restart from stage feature. When to use Scripted: complex dynamic logic (loops, advanced conditionals), need full Groovy capabilities, existing Scripted pipelines (no need to rewrite if working), highly customized workflows not fitting Declarative model. Mixed approach: use Declarative as default with script blocks for complex logic when needed: ```groovy pipeline { agent any stages { stage('Complex Logic') { steps { script { def result = complexGroovyFunction() if (result.success) { echo "Success: ${result.value}" } } } } } } ``` Best practices: prefer Declarative for consistency and maintainability, use script blocks sparingly in Declarative for complex logic, document why Scripted is used if chosen, consider Shared Libraries for complex logic instead of inline Scripted code. Understanding both syntaxes enables choosing appropriate approach and maintaining diverse pipeline codebases.

3. Explain Jenkins Shared Libraries in detail including directory structure, global variables, classes, versioning, and best practices for building reusable pipeline code.

Difficulty: HardType: SubjectiveTopic: Reusable Configurations

Shared Library structure follows convention: vars/ contains global variables (pipeline functions), src/ contains Groovy classes (complex logic), resources/ contains non-Groovy files (templates, configs). Directory structure: ``` my-pipeline-library/ ├── vars/ │ ├── buildJava.groovy │ ├── deployApp.groovy │ └── sendNotification.groovy ├── src/ │ └── com/ │ └── example/ │ └── Utils.groovy └── resources/ └── templates/ └── Dockerfile.template ``` Global variables in vars/ define callable functions. Simple function (vars/buildJava.groovy): ```groovy def call(Map config) { pipeline { agent any stages { stage('Build') { steps { sh "mvn ${config.goals ?: 'clean package'}" } } stage('Test') { when { expression { config.runTests != false } } steps { sh 'mvn test' } } } } } ``` Usage in Jenkinsfile: ```groovy @Library('my-pipeline-library') _ buildJava(goals: 'clean install', runTests: true) ``` Custom steps (vars/deployApp.groovy): ```groovy def call(String environment) { echo "Deploying to ${environment}" sh "./deploy.sh ${environment}" } def rollback(String environment) { echo "Rolling back ${environment}" sh "./rollback.sh ${environment}" } ``` Usage: ```groovy @Library('my-pipeline-library') _ pipeline { stages { stage('Deploy') { steps { deployApp('production') } } } } ``` Groovy classes in src/ for complex logic (src/com/example/Utils.groovy): ```groovy package com.example class Utils implements Serializable { def script Utils(script) { this.script = script } def parseVersion(String tag) { def matcher = tag =~ /v(\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)/ if (matcher) { return [major: matcher[0][1], minor: matcher[0][2], patch: matcher[0][3]] } return null } } ``` Usage: ```groovy @Library('my-pipeline-library') _ import com.example.Utils node { def utils = new Utils(this) def version = utils.parseVersion(env.TAG_NAME) echo "Version: ${version.major}.${version.minor}.${version.patch}" } ``` Library configuration: configure in Jenkins (Manage Jenkins > Configure System > Global Pipeline Libraries) with name, Git repository URL, and default version (branch/tag). Multiple libraries can be configured. Versioning: specify library version when loading: ```groovy @Library('my-pipeline-library@v1.2.3') _ // Specific tag @Library('my-pipeline-library@main') _ // Branch @Library('my-pipeline-library@commit') _ // Commit SHA @Library('my-pipeline-library') _ // Default version from config ``` Dynamic loading: ```groovy library identifier: 'my-lib@master', retriever: modernSCM([ $class: 'GitSCMSource', remote: 'https://github.com/org/pipeline-library.git' ]) ``` Resource files (resources/templates/Dockerfile.template): ```groovy def dockerfileTemplate = libraryResource 'templates/Dockerfile.template' writeFile file: 'Dockerfile', text: dockerfileTemplate ``` Best practices: version libraries (use semantic versioning), test library changes thoroughly before merging, document functions with comments and examples, keep libraries focused (separate libraries for different concerns), use classes for complex logic (easier to test), make functions configurable with sensible defaults, implement proper error handling, avoid side effects in library code, publish library documentation. Example testing library: ```groovy // test/vars/buildJavaTest.groovy import org.junit.Test import static org.junit.Assert.* class BuildJavaTest { @Test void testBuildJava() { // Mock script context and test function } } ``` Understanding Shared Libraries enables building reusable, maintainable pipeline code shared across organization, reducing duplication and standardizing CI/CD processes.

4. Explain error handling strategies in Jenkins Pipeline. Include try-catch, error step, catchError, post conditions, and retry mechanisms.

Difficulty: HardType: SubjectiveTopic: Pipeline Concepts

Try-catch blocks in script step or Scripted Pipeline handle exceptions: ```groovy stage('Build') { steps { script { try { sh 'mvn clean package' } catch (Exception e) { echo "Build failed: ${e.message}" currentBuild.result = 'FAILURE' throw e // Rethrow to fail pipeline } } } } ``` Caught exceptions can be logged, notifications sent, or pipeline behavior modified. Rethrowing fails the pipeline while catching without rethrowing continues. Error step explicitly fails pipeline with message: ```groovy if (!fileExists('required-file.txt')) { error 'Required file not found' } ``` Error stops execution immediately failing the stage and pipeline. CatchError wraps steps allowing pipeline to continue even if steps fail: ```groovy stage('Optional Task') { steps { catchError(buildResult: 'SUCCESS', stageResult: 'FAILURE') { sh 'npm run optional-task' // Pipeline continues even if this fails } } } ``` Parameters: buildResult (overall build result if error occurs), stageResult (stage result if error occurs), catchInterruptions (catch user abort). Useful for non-critical steps that shouldn't fail entire build. Post conditions handle cleanup and notifications based on result: ```groovy post { failure { echo 'Pipeline failed' mail to: 'team@example.com', subject: "Failed: ${env.JOB_NAME}", body: "${env.BUILD_URL}" } unstable { echo 'Tests failed but build succeeded' } always { junit '**/target/test-results/*.xml' cleanWs() } } ``` Always block runs regardless of result ensuring cleanup happens. Retry mechanism automatically retries failed steps: ```groovy stage('Flaky Test') { steps { retry(3) { sh 'npm run flaky-test' } } } ``` Retries up to 3 times before failing. Useful for flaky tests or transient network issues. Timeout prevents hanging builds: ```groovy stage('Long Running Task') { steps { timeout(time: 1, unit: 'HOURS') { sh './long-task.sh' } } } ``` Aborts step if exceeds timeout. Combining strategies: ```groovy stage('Deploy') { steps { script { def maxRetries = 3 def retryCount = 0 def success = false while (!success && retryCount < maxRetries) { try { timeout(time: 5, unit: 'MINUTES') { sh './deploy.sh' success = true } } catch (Exception e) { retryCount++ if (retryCount >= maxRetries) { error "Deployment failed after ${maxRetries} attempts: ${e.message}" } sleep(time: 30, unit: 'SECONDS') echo "Retry ${retryCount}/${maxRetries} after error: ${e.message}" } } } } } ``` CurrentBuild variable tracks build state: ```groovy script { currentBuild.result = 'UNSTABLE' // Set result currentBuild.description = 'Custom description' echo "Current result: ${currentBuild.result}" } ``` Results: SUCCESS, UNSTABLE, FAILURE, ABORTED. Best practices: use try-catch for expected errors requiring special handling, use catchError for optional steps, implement retry for transient failures, set timeouts preventing infinite hangs, use post conditions for cleanup ensuring it always runs, log errors with context for debugging, send notifications on failures, fail fast for critical errors, set meaningful build descriptions, avoid catching all exceptions unless necessary. Understanding error handling creates robust pipelines that gracefully handle failures and provide clear feedback.

5. Explain pipeline parameters in Jenkins. Include different parameter types, usage, and building flexible, reusable pipelines with parameters.

Difficulty: MediumType: SubjectiveTopic: Pipeline Concepts

Parameters make pipelines flexible by accepting user input at build time. Define parameters in parameters block (Declarative) or properties block (Scripted). Parameter types include string (text input), text (multi-line text), booleanParam (checkbox), choice (dropdown), password (masked input), file (file upload), and others. Declarative parameter definition: ```groovy pipeline { agent any parameters { string(name: 'VERSION', defaultValue: '1.0.0', description: 'Version to deploy') choice(name: 'ENVIRONMENT', choices: ['dev', 'staging', 'prod'], description: 'Target environment') booleanParam(name: 'RUN_TESTS', defaultValue: true, description: 'Run tests?') text(name: 'CHANGELOG', defaultValue: '', description: 'Changelog') } stages { stage('Deploy') { steps { echo "Deploying version ${params.VERSION} to ${params.ENVIRONMENT}" script { if (params.RUN_TESTS) { sh 'npm test' } } sh "./deploy.sh ${params.ENVIRONMENT} ${params.VERSION}" } } } } ``` Access parameters with params object: params.VERSION, params.ENVIRONMENT. First build uses default values, subsequent builds prompt user for input. Advanced parameters: ```groovy parameters { string( name: 'GIT_BRANCH', defaultValue: 'main', description: 'Branch to build', trim: true // Trim whitespace ) choice( name: 'BUILD_TYPE', choices: ['debug', 'release'], description: 'Build configuration' ) password( name: 'API_KEY', defaultValue: '', description: 'API Key for deployment' ) validatingString( name: 'EMAIL', defaultValue: 'user@example.com', regex: '^[a-zA-Z0-9._%+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9.-]+\\.[a-zA-Z]{2,}$', failedValidationMessage: 'Invalid email format', description: 'Notification email' ) } ``` Dynamic parameters using Active Choices plugin enable parameters depending on other parameters or external data. Example: environment choice determines available regions. Build with parameters: first run establishes parameter definitions, subsequent runs show "Build with Parameters" button. Trigger via API: ```bash curl -X POST http://jenkins/job/myjob/buildWithParameters \ --user user:token \ --data VERSION=1.2.0 \ --data ENVIRONMENT=production ``` Conditional logic based on parameters: ```groovy stage('Performance Tests') { when { expression { params.RUN_PERF_TESTS == true } } steps { sh 'npm run test:performance' } } ``` Multibranch pipeline parameters: Multibranch pipelines don't support parameters block (parameters would differ per branch). Use properties step: ```groovy properties([ parameters([ string(name: 'VERSION', defaultValue: '1.0.0') ]) ]) ``` Best practices: provide sensible defaults, add clear descriptions, validate input (regex, constraints), use choice for limited options preventing invalid input, avoid sensitive data in parameters (use credentials instead), document required parameters, limit parameter count (too many becomes confusing), use boolean for feature flags, consider parameter naming conventions. Understanding parameters enables building flexible, reusable pipelines accommodating different scenarios without code changes.

6. What are strategies for optimizing Jenkins Pipeline performance? Discuss caching, parallelization, agent selection, and resource management.

Difficulty: HardType: SubjectiveTopic: Pipeline Concepts

Caching reduces build time by reusing previous build artifacts and dependencies. Docker layer caching reuses unchanged layers: ```groovy stage('Build') { steps { script { docker.build( "myapp:${env.BUILD_NUMBER}", "--cache-from myapp:latest ." ) } } } ``` Dependency caching for Maven (.m2), npm (node_modules), pip (cache), etc. Use shared volumes or cache plugins: ```groovy stage('Install Dependencies') { steps { sh ''' if [ -d ~/.m2/repository ]; then cp -r ~/.m2/repository ./maven-cache fi mvn dependency:go-offline cp -r ~/.m2/repository ./maven-cache ''' } } ``` Or use Pipeline Caching plugin: ```groovy cache(maxCacheSize: 1000, caches: [ arbitraryFileCache(path: 'node_modules', cacheValidityDecidingFile: 'package-lock.json') ]) { sh 'npm install' } ``` Parallelization runs independent tasks concurrently: ```groovy stage('Test') { parallel { stage('Unit Tests') { steps { sh 'npm run test:unit' } } stage('Integration Tests') { steps { sh 'npm run test:integration' } } stage('E2E Tests') { steps { sh 'npm run test:e2e' } } } } ``` Ensures multiple agents available for parallel execution. Agent selection optimizes resource usage: ```groovy stage('Build') { agent { docker { image 'maven:3.8-jdk-11' args '-v /var/jenkins_home/maven-cache:/root/.m2' reuseNode true // Reuse workspace from parent } } steps { sh 'mvn package' } } ``` Use Docker agents for isolated environments, specific tools. Label-based selection: agent { label 'high-memory' } for resource-intensive tasks. Skip unnecessary work: ```groovy stage('Build') { when { changeset "src/**" } steps { sh 'make build' } } ``` Only builds when source code changes. Incremental builds avoid rebuilding unchanged code: ```groovy sh 'mvn -pl $(git diff --name-only HEAD~1 | grep pom.xml | xargs dirname) clean install' ``` Shallow clone reduces checkout time: ```groovy checkout([ $class: 'GitSCM', branches: [[name: "${env.BRANCH_NAME}"]], extensions: [[$class: 'CloneOption', depth: 1, noTags: true, shallow: true]], userRemoteConfigs: [[url: 'https://github.com/org/repo.git']] ]) ``` Workspace cleanup: ```groovy post { always { cleanWs() // Clean workspace after build } } ``` Prevents disk space issues but increases checkout time on next build. Balance based on workspace size and disk constraints. Reduce log verbosity: ```groovy sh 'mvn -q package' // Quiet mode ``` Large logs slow UI and consume storage. Timeout preventing hanging: ```groovy options { timeout(time: 1, unit: 'HOURS') } ``` Resource-intensive tasks on powerful agents: ```groovy stage('Performance Tests') { agent { label 'high-cpu' } steps { sh './run-perf-tests.sh' } } ``` Monitor and profile pipelines: - Analyze stage durations identifying bottlenecks - Review executor usage - Check agent queue times - Monitor disk I/O and network Best practices: cache dependencies aggressively, parallelize independent tasks, use appropriate agents (Docker for isolation, powerful agents for heavy tasks), skip unnecessary stages with when, implement shallow clones, clean workspaces periodically, set timeouts, reduce log verbosity, use incremental builds when possible, profile regularly identifying optimization opportunities. Understanding optimization techniques significantly reduces build times improving developer productivity.

7. Explain advanced parallel execution patterns in Jenkins Pipeline. Include nested parallel stages, failFast, matrix builds, and resource management considerations.

Difficulty: HardType: SubjectiveTopic: Parallelism & Matrix Builds

Basic parallel execution runs independent stages concurrently reducing total pipeline time. Example: ```groovy stage('Tests') { parallel { stage('Unit Tests') { steps { sh 'npm test' } } stage('Integration Tests') { steps { sh 'npm run test:integration' } } stage('Lint') { steps { sh 'npm run lint' } } } } ``` FailFast option aborts all parallel stages if any fails, useful when one failure makes others irrelevant: ```groovy stage('Tests') { failFast true parallel { stage('Unit Tests') { steps { sh 'npm test' } } stage('Integration Tests') { steps { sh 'npm run test:integration' } } } } ``` Without failFast, all parallel stages run to completion even if some fail. Nested parallel stages enable complex concurrency patterns: ```groovy stage('Build and Test') { parallel { stage('Backend') { stages { stage('Backend Build') { steps { sh 'mvn package' } } stage('Backend Test') { steps { sh 'mvn test' } } } } stage('Frontend') { stages { stage('Frontend Build') { steps { sh 'npm run build' } } stage('Frontend Test') { steps { sh 'npm test' } } } } } } ``` Backend and Frontend run in parallel, each with sequential internal stages. Matrix builds (Jenkins 2.22+) run same stage with different parameter combinations: ```groovy stage('Test') { matrix { axes { axis { name 'PLATFORM' values 'linux', 'windows', 'mac' } axis { name 'BROWSER' values 'chrome', 'firefox', 'safari' } } stages { stage('Test') { steps { sh "./test.sh ${PLATFORM} ${BROWSER}" } } } } } ``` Creates 9 parallel executions testing all platform-browser combinations. Resource management considerations: each parallel stage requires agent/executor, so parallel stages = required executors. If insufficient executors available, stages queue. Use agent labels for specific requirements: ```groovy parallel { stage('Linux Build') { agent { label 'linux' } steps { sh 'make' } } stage('Windows Build') { agent { label 'windows' } steps { bat 'build.bat' } } } ``` Shared resources (databases, external services) may have concurrency limits. Use lock step to synchronize access: ```groovy parallel { stage('Test Suite 1') { steps { lock(resource: 'test-db', quantity: 1) { sh 'npm run test:suite1' } } } stage('Test Suite 2') { steps { lock(resource: 'test-db', quantity: 1) { sh 'npm run test:suite2' } } } } ``` Ensures only one stage accesses test-db at a time. Best practices: use parallel for independent tasks only (no shared state), set timeouts to prevent hanging, use failFast when appropriate, monitor executor utilization (avoid over-parallelization), consider cost (cloud agents charge per executor), implement resource locks for shared resources, use matrix for combinatorial testing. Understanding advanced parallel patterns optimizes pipeline performance while managing resources effectively.

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Jenkins Pipelines Advanced – CI/CD Pipelines interview questions

Set overview

CI/CD Pipelines – Jenkins Pipelines Advanced questions (15)

1. What are comprehensive best practices for Jenkins Pipeline development? Include code organization, testing, security, documentation, and maintenance.

Continue your preparation

2. Compare Declarative and Scripted Pipeline syntax in detail. When should you use each? Provide examples showing differences in structure, flexibility, and use cases.

3. Explain Jenkins Shared Libraries in detail including directory structure, global variables, classes, versioning, and best practices for building reusable pipeline code.

4. Explain error handling strategies in Jenkins Pipeline. Include try-catch, error step, catchError, post conditions, and retry mechanisms.

5. Explain pipeline parameters in Jenkins. Include different parameter types, usage, and building flexible, reusable pipelines with parameters.

6. What are strategies for optimizing Jenkins Pipeline performance? Discuss caching, parallelization, agent selection, and resource management.

7. Explain advanced parallel execution patterns in Jenkins Pipeline. Include nested parallel stages, failFast, matrix builds, and resource management considerations.

8. What is the purpose of stages in a Jenkins Pipeline?

9. What does the 'input' step do in Jenkins Pipeline?

10. What are post conditions in Jenkins Pipeline?

11. What does the 'when' directive do in Declarative Pipeline?

12. What is the root element of a Declarative Pipeline?

13. What is a Multibranch Pipeline in Jenkins?

14. How do you run stages in parallel in Declarative Pipeline?

15. What are Jenkins Shared Libraries?

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Jenkins Pipelines Advanced – CI/CD Pipelines interview questions

Set overview

1. What are comprehensive best practices for Jenkins Pipeline development? Include code organization, testing, security, documentation, and maintenance.

Continue your preparation

2. Compare Declarative and Scripted Pipeline syntax in detail. When should you use each? Provide examples showing differences in structure, flexibility, and use cases.

3. Explain Jenkins Shared Libraries in detail including directory structure, global variables, classes, versioning, and best practices for building reusable pipeline code.

4. Explain error handling strategies in Jenkins Pipeline. Include try-catch, error step, catchError, post conditions, and retry mechanisms.

5. Explain pipeline parameters in Jenkins. Include different parameter types, usage, and building flexible, reusable pipelines with parameters.

6. What are strategies for optimizing Jenkins Pipeline performance? Discuss caching, parallelization, agent selection, and resource management.

7. Explain advanced parallel execution patterns in Jenkins Pipeline. Include nested parallel stages, failFast, matrix builds, and resource management considerations.

8. What is the purpose of stages in a Jenkins Pipeline?

9. What does the 'input' step do in Jenkins Pipeline?

10. What are post conditions in Jenkins Pipeline?

11. What does the 'when' directive do in Declarative Pipeline?

12. What is the root element of a Declarative Pipeline?

13. What is a Multibranch Pipeline in Jenkins?

14. How do you run stages in parallel in Declarative Pipeline?

15. What are Jenkins Shared Libraries?

More sets in CI/CD Pipelines

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